Falsafah Dan Hikmah Larangn Riba: Problematika Mekanisme Dan Solusi Implementasi Di Era Modern

Abstract

Usury is an economic practice expressly prohibited in Islamic teachings because it contradicts the principles of justice and social welfare. This prohibition is not merely normative-dogmatic, but also has a strong philosophical basis, particularly in maintaining the balance of economic relations between individuals and preventing the exploitation of the vulnerable. Essentially, usury is viewed as the taking of profit without risk and fair effort, thus potentially creating structural inequality in the distribution of wealth. The mechanism of usury, particularly in an interest-based system, tends to benefit capital owners and oppress borrowers, ultimately widening social disparities and weakening economic solidarity. This study uses a descriptive qualitative research method with a literature study approach, examining various sources such as interpretations of the Qur'an, the Prophet's hadith, classical and contemporary fiqh literature, scientific journal articles, and modern economic regulations. The results show that the prohibition of usury contains fundamental values ​​such as justice, balance, social responsibility, and protection of vulnerable groups. These values ​​emphasize that Islam does not reject economic activity but directs its practice towards the common good. However, implementing the prohibition on usury in the modern era faces significant challenges, particularly the dominance of the interest-based financial system and low levels of Islamic financial literacy in society. Therefore, solutions offered include strengthening Islamic financial education and literacy, optimizing Islamic financial instruments such as mudharabah, musyarakah, and murabahah, and actively engaging the government, academics, and religious scholars in outreach. With the support of innovative and adaptive Islamic financial systems, the prohibition on usury remains relevant and applicable in addressing the economic needs of modern society.

Abstrak

Riba merupakan praktik ekonomi yang secara tegas dilarang dalam ajaran Islam karena bertentangan dengan prinsip keadilan dan kemaslahatan sosial. Larangan ini tidak hanya bersifat normatif-dogmatis, tetapi memiliki landasan filosofis yang kuat, terutama dalam menjaga keseimbangan hubungan ekonomi antarindividu dan mencegah eksploitasi pihak yang lemah. Secara hakikat, riba dipandang sebagai pengambilan keuntungan tanpa risiko dan usaha yang adil, sehingga berpotensi menimbulkan ketimpangan struktural dalam distribusi kekayaan. Mekanisme riba, khususnya dalam sistem berbasis bunga, cenderung menguntungkan pemilik modal dan menekan pihak peminjam, yang pada akhirnya memperlebar kesenjangan sosial dan melemahkan solidaritas ekonomi. Kajian ini menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif deskriptif dengan pendekatan studi pustaka, menelaah berbagai sumber seperti tafsir Al-Qur’an, hadis Nabi, literatur fiqh klasik dan kontemporer, artikel jurnal ilmiah, serta regulasi ekonomi modern. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa larangan riba mengandung nilai-nilai fundamental berupa keadilan, keseimbangan, tanggung jawab sosial, dan perlindungan terhadap kelompok rentan. Nilai-nilai ini menegaskan bahwa Islam tidak menolak aktivitas ekonomi, tetapi mengarahkan praktiknya agar berorientasi pada kemanfaatan bersama. Meski demikian, implementasi larangan riba di era modern menghadapi tantangan besar, terutama dominasi sistem keuangan berbasis bunga dan rendahnya literasi keuangan syariah di masyarakat. Oleh karena itu, solusi yang ditawarkan meliputi penguatan edukasi dan literasi keuangan syariah, optimalisasi instrumen keuangan Islam seperti mudharabah, musyarakah, dan murabahah, serta peran aktif pemerintah, akademisi, dan ulama dalam sosialisasi. Dengan dukungan inovasi sistem keuangan syariah yang adaptif, larangan riba tetap relevan dan aplikatif dalam menjawab kebutuhan ekonomi masyarakat modern