Rekonstruksi Perlindungan Konsumen Dalam Transaksi Marketplace Berbasis Akad Syariah Di Era Ekonomi Digital

Abstract

The transformation of digital commerce through online marketplaces has reshaped the legal relationship among consumers, business actors, digital platforms, and payment providers, making conventional consumer protection frameworks increasingly inadequate for the complexity of electronic transactions. This research examines the construction of consumer protection in Sharia-based marketplace transactions, identifies gaps in marketplace accountability, and formulates a more adaptive protection model responsive to the characteristics of the digital economy. A normative legal research method was employed using statutory, conceptual, analytical, and comparative approaches, supported by library research and qualitative-prescriptive legal analysis. The findings reveal a gap between the degree of marketplace control over product information, payment systems, escrow mechanisms, seller verification, complaint handling, and dispute resolution and the existing liability framework, which tends to position platforms primarily as intermediaries. The reconstruction produces a Sharia-Based Accountable Marketplace model, positioning marketplace responsibility according to the degree of control and involvement in transactions through the principles of accountability, transparency, amanah, fair allocation of liability, ḥifẓ al-māl, gharar minimization, tadlīs prevention, and effective remedy. The model shifts consumer protection from a predominantly reactive approach toward preventive and corrective platform governance that integrates positive law with Islamic economic law principles. The contribution of this research lies in formulating a proportional and control-based platform liability model that can serve as a conceptual framework for developing marketplace regulation that is fairer, more transparent, and responsive to the evolving digital economy.

Abstrak

Transformasi perdagangan digital melalui marketplace telah mengubah struktur hubungan hukum antara konsumen, pelaku usaha, platform digital, dan penyedia pembayaran, sehingga konstruksi perlindungan konsumen yang berorientasi pada hubungan penjual-pembeli tidak selalu mampu menjawab kompleksitas transaksi elektronik. Penelitian ini menganalisis konstruksi perlindungan konsumen dalam transaksi marketplace berbasis akad syariah, mengidentifikasi kesenjangan pertanggungjawaban marketplace, dan merumuskan model perlindungan yang lebih adaptif terhadap karakter ekonomi digital. Penelitian menggunakan metode hukum normatif dengan pendekatan peraturan perundang-undangan, konseptual, analitis, dan komparatif melalui studi kepustakaan serta analisis kualitatif-preskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya kesenjangan antara tingkat kontrol marketplace terhadap informasi produk, pembayaran, escrow, verifikasi, pengaduan, dan penyelesaian sengketa dengan konstruksi pertanggungjawaban hukum yang masih cenderung menempatkan platform sebagai intermediary. Rekonstruksi menghasilkan model Sharia-Based Accountable Marketplace, yang menempatkan tanggung jawab marketplace berdasarkan tingkat kontrol dan keterlibatannya dalam transaksi melalui prinsip accountability, transparency, amanah, fair allocation of liability, ḥifẓ al-māl, gharar minimization, tadlīs prevention, dan effective remedy. Model tersebut memperluas orientasi perlindungan konsumen dari pendekatan reaktif menuju tata kelola preventif dan korektif yang mengintegrasikan hukum positif dengan prinsip hukum ekonomi syariah. Kontribusi penelitian terletak pada formulasi model pertanggungjawaban platform yang proporsional dan berbasis kontrol sebagai kerangka konseptual bagi pengembangan regulasi marketplace yang lebih adil, transparan, dan responsif terhadap dinamika ekonomi digital.